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LMIA processing times — July 2026: what employers and temporary workers need to know

Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC) published its July 2026 LMIA processing times on August 7, 2026. The update shows mixed movement across Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP) streams: most streams recorded small increases, while the permanent resident stream registered a notable decline. LMIA timing affects when a foreign national can apply for an employer-specific work permit, so even modest changes matter for hiring and onboarding plans.

July numbers at a glance (average business days; July vs June)
– Global Talent Stream: 10 days (June: 9) — +1 day
– Agricultural stream: 23 days (June: 22) — +1 day
– Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program: 8 days (June: 9) — -1 day
– High‑wage stream: 88 days (June: 79) — +9 days
– Low‑wage stream: 73 days (June: 71) — +2 days
– Permanent resident stream: 86 days (June: 99) — -13 days

Key takeaways
– High‑wage processing climbed to 88 business days — the highest level seen for this stream in 2026.
– Low‑wage times rose modestly to 73 days and remain well above the February 2026 level of 48 days.
– The permanent resident stream fell by 13 business days month‑over‑month; ESDC says it has dropped “by more than five months” since February, though it still shows one of the longest waits.
– Other streams moved only slightly (one business day or less).

Operational context to bear in mind
– ESDC processing times are averages and depend on the stream, application completeness, and inventory.
– Processing times do not include the mandatory employer advertising period, which must occur in the three months before LMIA submission and ranges from two to eight weeks depending on the stream.
– The federal government does not process low‑wage LMIAs in regions where the unemployment rate is 6% or higher; ineligible regions are updated quarterly (next update: October 10).
– An LMIA is valid for up to six months; IRCC sets the work permit expiry when the worker applies.

Stream-level notes
– Global Talent: remains fast at around 10 business days, indicating stable priority handling.
– Agriculture: rose to 23 days (up from 15 in February), suggesting increased demand or inventory pressure. Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program remains quick at 8 days.
– High‑wage: the most pronounced upward movement in 2026, signalling a growing backlog or complexity in these cases.
– Low‑wage: modest month‑over‑month rise; regional exclusions for high‑unemployment areas concentrate demand in eligible regions.
– Permanent resident stream: meaningful month‑over‑month drop but still among the longer waits.

How LMIA timing fits the hiring process
– Employers must complete required recruitment and advertising (2–8 weeks depending on stream) within the three months before LMIA submission.
– Employer submits the LMIA; ESDC issues a decision letter.
– Employer gives the decision letter and a job offer to the foreign worker, who applies to IRCC for the employer‑specific work permit.
– LMIA validity is up to six months; the worker must file before it expires.
– In some cases, IRCC concurrent processing allows eligible foreign nationals to apply for a work permit while the LMIA is still pending.

Who is most affected
– Employers hiring through high‑wage or low‑wage streams — longer processing increases uncertainty for start dates.
– Agricultural and seasonal employers — these streams remain relatively faster but have seen increases since February.
– Employers and workers using the permanent resident stream — expect longer average waits despite the July drop.
– Employers in or recruiting from regions excluded for low‑wage LMIAs — options are limited where unemployment is 6%+.

Broader admission targets and potential impact on LMIA pressure
– TFWP planned admissions for 2026: 60,000 (down from 82,000 planned in 2025).
– Jan–Apr 2026 TFWP entries: 19,240 (down 29.1% vs. same period in 2025 and down 54% vs. 2024).
– IMP planned admissions fell from 285,750 in 2025 to 170,000 in 2026; Jan–May 2026 IMP admissions were 58,675 (down 13.4% vs. 2025 and down 64.8% vs. 2024).
These reductions are part of the government’s objective to lower the share of temporary residents and may eventually ease LMIA demand, but effects will vary by stream and timing is uncertain.

Practical steps to consider now
– Plan for total lead time: required advertising (2–8 weeks), LMIA processing, and time for the worker to apply before LMIA expiry.
– Submit complete, well‑documented LMIA applications to avoid avoidable delays.
– Check regional eligibility for low‑wage LMIAs (next eligibility update: October 10).
– Use IRCC concurrent processing when eligible to reduce overall time to arrival.
– Monitor ESDC monthly updates and federal admission targets to anticipate further changes.
– Job seekers can search the Canada Job Bank for LMIA‑supported positions (more than 6,000 postings at the time of the July update).

Numbers and deadlines to keep on your radar
– ESDC published the July 2026 processing times on August 7, 2026.
– LMIA validity: up to six months — file the work permit application before expiry.
– Employer advertising: within the three months prior to LMIA submission; 2–8 weeks depending on stream.
– Low‑wage regional eligibility: updated quarterly; next update scheduled for October 10.
– TFWP planned admissions for 2026: 60,000 (down from 82,000 in 2025).
– Jan–Apr 2026 TFWP entries: 19,240 (down 29.1% vs. Jan–Apr 2025 and down 54% vs. Jan–Apr 2024).
– Jan–May 2026 IMP admissions: 58,675 (down 13.4% vs. 2025 and down 64.8% vs. 2024).

What to watch next
– ESDC monthly processing time updates — small monthly shifts can add up.
– Quarterly low‑wage regional eligibility updates (next on October 10).
– Whether reductions in TFWP and IMP admissions lead to lower LMIA application volumes and improved processing times.
– IRCC policy or operational changes that affect concurrent processing and time to arrival.

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US moves to narrow birthright citizenship — Why Canada’s Bill C-3 is becoming a practical backup for many Americans seeking Canadian citizenship by descent

Why this matters now
On August 6, the U.S. president signed two executive orders intended to narrow birthright citizenship and to curb “birth tourism.” These follow a broader January 2025 effort that was struck down by the courts. At the same time, Canada’s Bill C-3 (effective December 15, 2025) expanded how Canadian citizenship can pass by descent. For Americans with a Canadian ancestor, that change creates a concrete route to proof of Canadian citizenship that many are already using as a safeguard.

The U.S. move: what was announced
The August 6 orders take a narrower approach than the January 2025 attempt. One order expands categories the administration says should be ineligible for automatic U.S. citizenship at birth, including children linked to foreign governments or designated terrorist organizations. The other targets “birth tourism,” seeking to bar entry to people believed to be traveling to the U.S. specifically to give birth.

These are administrative orders, not new legislation. Legal challenges are expected, so their short-term legal effect is uncertain.

Canada’s opposite direction: what Bill C-3 changed
Bill C-3, in force since December 15, 2025, widened citizenship by descent:

– Citizenship by descent can pass to grandchildren, great‑grandchildren and further generations for individuals born before December 15, 2025.
– People born before that date who can document an unbroken line of descent to a Canadian ancestor born in Canada are already Canadian citizens under the law.
– For people born after December 15, 2025, a parent must show at least 1,095 days (three years) of physical presence in Canada before the child’s birth for descent-based citizenship to apply.

Bill C-3 does not create a route to naturalize; it recognizes citizenship where the descent and date rules are met. As a result, many people outside Canada—including thousands of Americans—are applying for a Canadian citizenship certificate to prove status they may already have.

How the two policy moves interact
The U.S. orders signal possible tightening of birthright rules in the United States, while Canada has broadened descent-based citizenship. For those who can document an unbroken line to a Canadian-born ancestor, Bill C-3 offers a legal safeguard that is independent of U.S. policy changes.

Who is most affected and why they’re acting now
Groups especially motivated by these developments include:

– Americans with Canadian ancestry: Many are applying for a citizenship certificate because the law may already make them citizens if they can document descent.
– Parents applying for children: Families seek travel, work and study options and potential tuition advantages for children who may be citizens by descent.
– LGBTQ+ and transgender Americans: Some see a second citizenship as added stability amid policy changes at home; IRCC may grant expedited processing in cases of harm or hardship, at its discretion.
– People affected by U.S. birthright changes: The U.S. orders target births linked to certain foreign affiliations and birth tourism, creating uncertainty for some families.

Practical steps for applicants
Bill C-3 is descent-based: you are not applying to “become” a citizen. If you meet the statutory rules you may already be a citizen and must apply for a citizenship certificate as proof. Key steps:

– Trace your lineage back to a Canadian-born ancestor and confirm an unbroken chain.
– Gather documents for every generation: birth certificates, marriage certificates, and official records of any name changes.
– Complete and submit the citizenship certificate application package to Canada’s citizenship department.
– Expect ordinary processing times around 19 months.
– If you or a relative face harm or hardship, request urgent processing and provide compelling evidence—IRCC decides these requests case by case.

Documentation and why it matters
Because citizenship under Bill C-3 depends on descent, a complete, verifiable paper trail is essential. Missing or incomplete records can break the legal chain of descent. Applicants should start early, obtain certified copies when possible, and be ready to authenticate records from civil registries or other custodians.

Timing and planning
Current ordinary processing is about 19 months, which matters for families planning travel, study, work, or relocation. Urgent processing is discretionary and requires convincing evidence of harm or hardship.

What to watch next
– U.S. court developments on the August 6 orders and earlier attempts.
– Your own family documents: locating and authenticating vital records is the most important near-term task.
– IRCC guidance and processing timelines.
– For children born after December 15, 2025: ensure parents can document at least 1,095 days of physical presence in Canada before the child’s birth if relying on descent.

Final perspective
The contrast between U.S. efforts to limit birthright citizenship and Canada’s expansion of citizenship by descent underscores a practical point: rights grounded in documented lineage are often more predictable than policy changes elsewhere. For many Americans with Canadian roots, parents seeking options for their children, and people facing policy-driven uncertainty, Bill C-3 offers a tangible, document-based route to a second nationality. Start by gathering your family records—the effort to assemble certified vital documents is the central requirement to prove an unbroken line of descent and obtain the citizenship certificate.

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BC PNP occupation-specific draw (Aug 6): 500+ invitations for care and construction roles

Why this August 6 BCPNP draw matters
On August 6, British Columbia’s Provincial Nominee Program (BCPNP) issued at least 500 invitations in an occupation-specific Skills Immigration (SI) draw for priority workers. This was the province’s 11th SI draw of the year and its 19th selection round overall. Invitations targeted five occupational categories tied to B.C.’s restructured priorities, with the largest shares going to construction trades and to healthcare and childcare. If you work, plan to work, or recruit in BC’s care and build sectors, this draw shows how the province is focusing selection to address labour needs—and why aligning profiles with provincial registries and certification rules matters.

How the draw was structured and what was selected
The round was occupation-specific and focused on two of B.C.’s core objectives: “care” and “build.” Invitations were issued across five occupational categories. Distribution and reported minimum scores:

– Childcare (1 NOC targeted): 183 invitations — minimum score 102
– Healthcare (31 NOCs targeted): 124 invitations — minimum score 84
– Education (2 NOCs targeted): 68 invitations — minimum score not listed
– Veterinary care (2 NOCs targeted): 6 invitations — minimum score 72
– Construction trades (9 NOCs targeted): 187 invitations — minimum score 88

Construction trades received the largest share (187 invitations). This was B.C.’s fifth occupation-specific selection round in 2026; other 2026 rounds used different filters such as minimum score, wage, or job offer.

Which occupations were targeted and key eligibility conditions
Several occupational groups had specific eligibility requirements:

– Childcare: Only Early Childhood Educators (NOC 42202). Eligible ECEs needed a one‑year or five‑year ECE Certificate issued by the ECE Registry.
– Healthcare: A broad range of regulated and allied health roles were included (managers and specialists, general practitioners, dentists, pharmacists, psychologists, registered nurses, nurse practitioners, licensed practical nurses, respiratory therapists, medical imaging and lab technologists, dental hygienists, and others). Note: candidates under NOC 33102 (nurse aides, orderlies and patient service associates) were eligible for targeted healthcare invitations only if registered with the BC Care Aide & Community Health Worker Registry.
– Education: Secondary and elementary/Kindergarten teachers — French‑speaking only. Candidates needed to declare employment in B.C.’s K–12 system and have NCLC level 5 or higher in French.
– Veterinary care: Veterinarians and animal health technologists/veterinary technicians; valid professional designation in B.C. was required.
– Construction trades: Targeted trades included welders, electricians (including industrial), plumbers, steamfitters/pipefitters, carpenters, millwrights/industrial mechanics, heavy‑duty equipment mechanics, and HVAC mechanics. Eligibility required a valid trade certificate from SkilledTradesBC or registration in an apprenticeship with SkilledTradesBC that aligned with the job offer.

These conditions show BCPNP is prioritizing candidates who meet provincial professional, registry, or trade requirements.

What this update means for applicants and employers
– Targeted priority: The province is actively prioritizing the care and build sectors—childcare, healthcare, French K–12 teachers, veterinary care and construction trades.
– Regulatory alignment matters: Provincial designations, registry listings, trade certificates or apprenticeship registrations are essential in targeted rounds.
– Selection filters vary: BCPNP may use occupation, minimum score, wage, job offer, or other criteria in different rounds—so candidates should be prepared for multiple filters.
– Employers can help: Job offers that align with provincial registration or certification expectations can improve employees’ chances of receiving invitations.

Who is most directly affected
– Priority healthcare workers listed among the targeted NOCs (RNs, LPNs, NPs, respiratory therapists, lab and imaging technologists, etc.).
– Early Childhood Educators with the specified ECE Registry certificate who have declared employment in B.C.
– French‑speaking K–12 teachers who have declared BC K–12 employment and meet NCLC level 5+.
– Construction trades workers with appropriate SkilledTradesBC certification or apprenticeship registration.
– Employers recruiting in these areas who must ensure job offers meet provincial expectations.
– People already in the BCPNP SI registration pool—occupation-specific rounds can change who receives invitations.

Practical steps for candidates already in the SI registration pool
– Check registry and certification alignment. For childcare, construction trades, veterinary care and certain healthcare roles, provincial certificates or registry listings are often required.
– Keep your EOI accurate and current. Update job offers, employer details, wages, skill level, location and credentials so your profile matches targeted draws.
– Understand score context. As of Aug 6 there were 8,306 registrations in the SI pool across score bands; the 100–109 range held the largest share (1,651 registrations; 19.8% of the pool).
– Targeted rounds can invite candidates with lower or higher scores depending on occupation-specific needs—meeting the occupation criteria can be decisive.

Numbers to keep in mind (from this draw and the registration pool)
– Date of draw: August 6
– Invitations issued in this draw: at least 500 candidates
– BCPNP SI draws in 2026: this was the 11th SI draw of the year and the 19th round overall
– Invitations issued to date under SI (as of Aug 6): at least 4,236
– Number of registrations in the SI pool (as of Aug 6): 8,306
– Registration pool by score band (numbers): 0–59: 212; 60–69: 373; 70–79: 739; 80–89: 1,219; 90–99: 1,468; 100–109: 1,651; 110–119: 1,332; 120–129: 1,023; 130–139: 241; 140–149: 38; 150+: 10

What to focus on next
– Confirm professional status in B.C. if your occupation requires designation, registry listing, or SkilledTradesBC trade certification/apprenticeship registration.
– Keep your EOI up to date with accurate job and credential information.
– Validate language evidence where required (e.g., NCLC level 5+ for French K–12 teaching targets).
– Double‑check NOC codes and that job duties and offers match NOC descriptions.
– Employers should ensure clear job titles, wage and skill level, and alignment with registration/certification requirements.

How future SI draws may differ
BCPNP has signalled future SI draws may be tailored to different priorities and that selection factors can vary. The province may consider education and field of study, BC professional designation, length and skill level of work experience, language proficiency, occupation, wage and job skill level, plans to live and work in a specific region, and other strategic priorities. Candidates should prepare credentials, work history documentation, language evidence, and clear intentions about where they plan to live and work in B.C.

Final practical reminders
– Occupation lists and eligibility conditions can change with each targeted round.
– Registration counts and score-band distributions shift over time. While the 100–109 band currently holds the largest share, invitations may go to lower or higher scoring candidates depending on need.
– Meeting provincial registry or certificate requirements before an invitation increases the chance an invitation can be converted into an application without delays.
– Monitor BCPNP communications and keep your EOI current—occupation‑specific draws can create fast opportunities for eligible candidates.

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Canada’s 2026 Examiner Work-Without-Permit Guidance: New eligibility rules for external thesis and program evaluators

Why the July 31, 2026 update matters
On July 31, 2026, the Government of Canada published clarified officer instructions on authorizing foreign nationals to work in Canada without a work permit when acting as academic examiners. This is the first time the guidance sets out specific eligibility language for examiners and evaluators under the International Mobility Program. Universities, departments, and invited external experts should review how they document invitations, plan visits, and structure payments.

What the new instructions add
The updated guidance, titled International Mobility Program: Authorization to work without a work permit – Examiners and evaluators, introduces three important changes:

– Clear eligibility expectations: Examiners must be senior academics or industry professionals with an established reputation in the relevant field and must have an official invitation from the governing body that invited them to adjudicate.
– Named examiner categories: The instructions explicitly describe three qualifying categories — thesis examiners, research proposal evaluators, and program/university project evaluators — which were not previously explained in detail.
– Standard conditions: The exemption is limited to activities under six months; the foreign national must not receive remuneration from within Canada for those activities; and officers may impose specific limitations. Officers may also issue a visitor record listing any conditions attached to the permit-exempt authorization.

How the update changes practical assessment
Previously, officers applied discretion under the regulation without detailed examiner criteria. The July 31 update reduces ambiguity by naming concrete eligibility elements and distinguishing types of academic activities that can fit the exemption. That makes it clearer when a visit does — or does not — meet the “not entering the Canadian labour market” standard underlying permit exemptions.

Two practical shifts to note:
– The need for an official institutional invitation shifts emphasis to formal documentation rather than informal or personal invitations.
– The prohibition on receiving remuneration from Canadian sources clarifies limits on how hosts and visitors can handle fees or honoraria.

Three examiner categories explained
Thesis examiners
External examiners brought in to adjudicate graduate theses are now explicitly identified as a qualifying category when they meet the stated criteria.

Research proposal evaluators
Those asked to evaluate research proposals or serve on short-term review panels are separately recognized and may qualify under the exemption, subject to the usual conditions.

Program and university project evaluators
Evaluators reviewing programs, accreditation, curriculum, or institutional projects are named as a distinct category and can qualify if they meet the seniority, invitation, duration, and payment requirements.

Who will feel the impact
– Visiting academics and industry experts invited to adjudicate: short visits may be permit-exempt if criteria are met, but remuneration and duration rules apply.
– Universities, departments, and professional bodies: formal invitation letters from the inviting governing body are now essential.
– Immigration officers and institutional administrators: officers have clearer language to guide decisions; institutions should align invitation and payment practices to reduce refusal risk.
– Applicants with admissibility concerns: travelers still need a valid TRV or eTA when required and must not be inadmissible. Those with criminal records or serious medical issues should seek advice before travel.

Practical implications for visits and planning
– Timing and length: Schedule adjudication within the under-six-month limit when relying on the exemption.
– Payment arrangements: Ensure any fees or honoraria originate wholly from sources with no financial ties to Canada; payments that can be traced to Canadian entities may undermine the exemption.
– Documentation: Use formal invitation letters from the governing body that clearly describe the role and duration.
– Conditions at entry: Expect officers may impose limits or issue a visitor record listing conditions; comply with any written conditions.

Where uncertainty remains
– How officers will assess “established reputation” is not defined; be prepared to document seniority and recognition.
– The test for “no financial ties to Canada” is not fully explained; complex funding or payment routing may raise questions.
– The guidance does not provide a fixed document checklist; officers will typically request evidence case by case.

Common pitfalls to avoid
– Relying on informal invitations without institutional sign-off.
– Accepting payment traceable to Canadian sources.
– Scheduling visits longer than six months while claiming the exemption.
– Overlooking standard visitor admissibility requirements, especially with prior criminal or medical issues.

How institutions and applicants should prepare now
– Issue invitation letters formally from the university department, faculty office, or governing body and describe the adjudicative role and expected duration.
– Confirm payment arrangements in advance so any fees are consistent with the “no financial ties to Canada” requirement.
– Keep visits under six months when relying on the exemption.
– Be ready at the border to satisfy the officer that the visit meets the exemption and to provide documentation.
– Seek legal or immigration advice for admissibility concerns, including criminal history.

Final notes on decision-making and next actions
The July 31, 2026 guidance tightens and clarifies how external examiners and evaluators can be authorized to work in Canada without a work permit. It provides useful certainty by naming categories and eligibility elements, but officers retain discretion on reputation and financial-ties assessments. Formalize documentation, confirm payment sources, and verify duration before travel. When in doubt, seek professional immigration advice.

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Quebec registrar’s new name-correction power — what it means for citizenship-by-descent claims

Why this matters now
On June 11, 2026 the Directeur de l’état civil (DEC) gained wider authority to align names across civil-status acts. For applicants proving Canadian citizenship by descent, that can resolve small but critical discrepancies — for example, Marie in a 1903 parish baptism versus Mary on a 1924 Quebec marriage certificate — which otherwise trigger IRCC requests for additional evidence or delays. If your claim depends on Quebec documents, knowing what the DEC can (and cannot) change, and how Quebec’s two record-holders share responsibility, can save you months and reduce costs.

How Quebec’s record system creates both solutions and headaches
Quebec keeps records in two places. The DEC holds civil-status acts less than 100 years old. Older parish registers (some back to 1621) are with Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (BAnQ). Each year the DEC transfers another year of registers to BAnQ, so the cut-off moves forward annually.

This split matters because IRCC requires original, verifiable documents for each generation in a descent chain. DEC records and BAnQ parish registers are different sources, with different fees and timelines. The DEC’s new correction power applies to acts it controls; the DEC website does not confirm whether it reaches BAnQ holdings. For pre-1926 parish-register material, assume the DEC correction power does not apply until confirmed otherwise.

Note also that IRCC rejects Quebec birth and marriage certificates issued before January 1, 1994 — a rule that affects which documents you must obtain and how you document any gaps.

What the DEC can do — and what it can’t
Since June 11, 2026, the DEC may correct a person’s name on a civil-status act it issued so it matches the name on that person’s birth act. The registrar can also correct obvious clerical errors — misspellings, wrong places, or wrong dates — when valid evidence shows what should have been recorded originally.

Example from the registrar: a person born in Brazil appears as Maria on the Brazilian birth act and as Marie on a Quebec marriage act. If you present the Brazilian birth act (with translation if it’s not in French or English), the DEC may correct the Quebec marriage act to Maria. Corrections are free, but any certificate already issued is cancelled and must be repurchased. The DEC may also correct records on its own initiative while processing a file.

Limits: the DEC cannot change documents issued by other provinces, U.S. states, or foreign authorities. Deliberate false declarations (for example, knowingly shaving years off an age) require a court to change them. The DEC publishes who may request clerical corrections; public guidance on name-standardization requests is less explicit, and the registrar will assess interest and evidence in practice.

Who can request corrections — and where grandchildren/great-grandchildren may face limits
For birth acts, the DEC accepts correction requests from:
– the adult whose act contains the error;
– one parent of a minor child whose act is in error;
– one parent of an adult whose act is in error (the adult must consent).

For death acts, requests are accepted from the person who declared the death, the funeral director, the spouse or civil-union spouse, the deceased’s parents, or the deceased’s children. Grandchildren and great-grandchildren are not listed for these clerical corrections. That matters because many citizenship-by-descent claims trace through multiple generations, and being able to order a correction or a copy may require you to show legal interest in the act.

How this affects citizenship-by-descent applicants
IRCC’s June 2026 checklist (CIT 0014) requires applications to rest on authentic, reliable, verifiable documents issued by the original authority that created or keeps the record. A single inconsistent spelling across two Quebec records (e.g., Marie vs Mary or Thibodeau vs Thibodeaux) can lead IRCC to request bridging evidence such as a marriage certificate or legal name-change document. For many Franco‑American families, that bridging evidence does not exist.

The DEC’s correction power provides a practical remedy for many mismatches where the acts are in the DEC’s holdings. If you can present the original birth act or other primary evidence showing the intended spelling, the DEC may align later acts to that primary source. That can reduce the need for supplemental affidavits and shorten IRCC processing — provided the contested acts are DEC records, not BAnQ parish registers.

Practical steps when Quebec records are in your chain
Ordering documents before checking primary sources is a frequent, costly mistake. To avoid wasted fees and delays:

– First, view the free BAnQ image for parish registers. Transcribe exactly what the priest wrote: spelling, date, parish, and parents’ names.
– Work generation by generation. Order each record only when you know you need it to prove the next link.
– If a later DEC act spells the name differently, consider a DEC correction request before buying certificates that a correction might cancel.
– Expect DEC timing: normal processing is published at 10 business days (delivery excluded). Accelerated online processing costs $75.00 and ships by Xpresspost to Canadian addresses only; outside Canada you must use normal processing.
– File BAnQ requests first when your chain requires pre-1926 parish registers. BAnQ’s pricing and timelines vary by centre and regional volume and can set your overall schedule.

Pricing and timing differences that influence planning
– BAnQ: For non-residents, $350 for the first certified copy and $100 for each additional; Quebec residents pay $55 for the first certified copy. Processing time varies by archive centre; BAnQ declines to predict delivery times and asks users not to chase requests.
– DEC: At the time of writing, a DEC birth act costs $46.75 online or $64.25 by mail. Normal processing is 10 business days (delivery excluded). Accelerated online processing is $75.00 and ships by Xpresspost to Canadian addresses only.

Because BAnQ can be far more expensive and slower, the oldest record in a chain often determines both cost and timing for the whole file.

When official records are unavailable: attestations, emails and proof of search
If an official record cannot be obtained, IRCC asks you to explain why and to show proof you tried. Quebec provides tools to document that search:

– DEC attestation: a letter confirming whether an act sits in the Quebec register. It does not replace a certificate or copy and many organizations will not accept it as proof an event occurred. It documents your search. The attestation carries a fee and a separate search fee tied to the number of years searched.
– BAnQ: will not issue a letter certifying absence. When BAnQ finds nothing it emails you to confirm the search result. For pre-1926 ancestors whose records sit with BAnQ, that email plus your search record is what you include with your IRCC explanation.

Documenting searches thoroughly is essential when chains include older or cross-border events.

Relationship proof and obtaining acts when you’re not named on them
Descent alone does not automatically entitle you to a DEC-issued document. The registrar issues documents to people named in the act or to those who can establish an interest. If your name does not appear on the act, state your reason on the application and attach supporting documentation (the DEC gives examples such as a power of attorney or a will); the registrar will assess the request.

For deceased persons the rule relaxes in some cases: a spouse, child, brother, or sister needs no supporting document and may establish the relationship through Quebec acts the registrar already holds. The registrar accepts relationships it can trace through acts in the Quebec register. Remember that grandchildren and great-grandchildren are not automatically included in the DEC’s “no supporting document” list, so you may need documentary evidence of your link.

Common traps to avoid
– Don’t buy a DEC certificate before checking BAnQ parish registers or confirming whether a DEC correction is appropriate.
– If an act is with BAnQ (typically pre-1926), assume the DEC’s correction power does not apply until confirmed. File BAnQ requests early.
– The DEC cannot fix deliberate falsifications; only a court can.
– Keep a written record of every search step. Use DEC attestations for the DEC register and keep BAnQ emails and search logs for parish-register gaps.
– The DEC may demand more justification if you order many certificates or file repeated requests.

Next practical moves
Start by locating and transcribing any parish-register image on BAnQ. Work generation by generation and order only the next act you need. If a spelling mismatch appears between acts in the DEC’s holdings and an original birth act, consider a DEC correction request before buying certificates that could be cancelled. File BAnQ requests early and let their timing set your calendar. Keep careful evidence of every search step and collect attestations or email confirmations where official certificates cannot be obtained.

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Bill C‑3 and adoption: how the law now affects claims to Canadian citizenship by descent

Bill C‑3 removed the former first‑generation limit for many biological children born outside Canada before December 15, 2025, so those children can now be automatic Canadian citizens by descent and obtain a citizenship certificate without residency or an oath. That automatic pathway does not apply in the same way to people who were adopted abroad. If you or an ancestor was adopted by a Canadian, your options and evidence needs will usually be different.

How adoption cases differ from biological descent
Biological children covered by Bill C‑3 typically merely apply for a citizenship certificate as proof of status. By contrast, a person adopted abroad generally does not become a Canadian citizen automatically when the adoption is finalized. Instead, an adopted person born outside Canada can become a citizen either by a direct grant under the adoption provisions of the Citizenship Act or by first becoming a permanent resident and later naturalizing. Only after a grant is approved can an adopted person request a citizenship certificate as proof.

Two routes for adopted people born abroad
1) Direct grant under the adoption provisions
– An adopted person may qualify for a direct grant if the statutory conditions are met. A key requirement is that at least one adoptive parent was a Canadian citizen at the time of the adoption and was eligible to pass on citizenship. IRCC must review and approve the grant.

2) Citizenship through naturalization after immigration
– A Canadian parent can sponsor an adopted child for permanent residence. Once the child becomes a permanent resident, they may later obtain citizenship through the usual naturalization process (for minors, a parent or guardian may apply on their behalf when conditions are met).

How IRCC evaluates adoption‑based claims
IRCC looks at factors including:
– whether the adoptive parent was eligible to pass on citizenship at the adoption date;
– whether the adoption meets the statutory requirements for citizenship by adoption;
– the age of the adoptee;
– whether the adoption created a genuine parent‑child relationship; and
– whether the adoption complied with the adoption laws of the country where it occurred and the adoptive parent’s country of residence.

IRCC also assesses whether the adoption was entered into primarily to gain citizenship or to circumvent the safeguards that apply to international adoptions.

Conditions IRCC expects for grants involving minors
For an adopted child under 18, the adoption must generally:
– be in the child’s best interests;
– create a genuine parent‑child relationship;
– comply with applicable adoption laws in both countries;
– not have been arranged primarily to obtain citizenship or immigration status; and
– not circumvent normal legal requirements for international adoptions.

Who is most affected
– Adopted people born abroad adopted by Canadian citizens: they usually need a grant or must immigrate and naturalize rather than relying on automatic descent.
– Descendants of someone who was adopted abroad decades ago: the adopted ancestor must first have obtained citizenship through the adoption provisions before later generations can claim citizenship by descent.
– Stepchildren: a stepchild does not acquire citizenship by descent through a stepparent unless there is a qualifying legal adoption or another independent basis for citizenship; sponsorship may be an alternative if the stepchild qualifies as a dependent.
– Families with long ancestral chains that include adoption: eligibility often depends on adoption dates and the adoptive parent’s citizenship eligibility at the relevant times.

Practical impact and evidence priorities
– Timing and documentation matter: adoption finalization dates and the adoptive parent’s citizenship status at that time are central.
– No shortcut to a citizenship certificate: adopted people normally cannot simply apply for a certificate unless a grant has been approved.
– Complex adjudications are common: decisions often involve discretionary assessments about welfare and the genuineness of the parent‑child relationship.
– Family sponsorship can be a practical alternative: when a direct grant is not available, sponsoring to permanent residence and later naturalizing may be the viable path.
– Long chains of descent with adoption add complexity: the decisive facts are the dates of adoption, the adoptive parent’s citizenship eligibility at those times, and documentary proof.

Documentation IRCC will focus on
Expect scrutiny of:
– adoption records (date, legal formalities, compliance with applicable adoption laws);
– proof of the adoptive parent’s Canadian citizenship and eligibility to pass it on at the adoption date; and
– evidence showing the adoption established a genuine parent‑child relationship and was in the child’s best interests rather than primarily for immigration purposes.

Common questions
– Does Bill C‑3 make an adopted child automatically a Canadian citizen by descent?
No. Adopted persons born abroad generally require an approved grant under the adoption provisions or must become permanent residents and later naturalize.

– If my ancestor was adopted by a Canadian long ago, am I automatically a citizen because of Bill C‑3?
Not automatically. Your adopted ancestor must first have obtained Canadian citizenship under the adoption provisions. Only then could descendants potentially have a claim based on lineage.

– Is a stepchild automatically a citizen if I am a Canadian by descent?
No. A stepchild usually does not acquire citizenship by descent through a stepparent unless there is a qualifying legal adoption or another independent basis for citizenship. Sponsorship may be an option if program requirements are met.

Where uncertainty is highest
Uncertainty is greatest in cases involving:
– older or foreign adoptions with incomplete records;
– adoptions that predate changes in citizenship law or where the adoptive parent’s citizenship status is unclear;
– adoptions that raise concerns about whether they were arranged primarily for immigration or citizenship; and
– multi‑generation claims where an adopted ancestor’s citizenship grant is a prerequisite.

Next steps and priorities
If you or a family member may be affected:
– gather and preserve all adoption documents and proof of the adoptive parent’s citizenship at the time of adoption;
– be ready to show that the adoption complied with legal requirements in both countries;
– document the parent‑child relationship and why the adoption was in the child’s best interests; and
– consider whether sponsorship to permanent residence followed by naturalization is more practical in your case.
If you are unsure, seek professional advice — adoptions are among the more complex proof‑of‑citizenship matters and eligibility can vary greatly between families.

Legal complexity means careful preparation pays off
Bill C‑3 expanded citizenship‑by‑descent for many biological children born abroad, but adoption follows a different legal track. For adopted individuals and their descendants, whether there was a prior grant of citizenship, the adoptive parent’s citizenship at the adoption, the adoptee’s age, and evidence of a lawful, genuine parent‑child relationship are decisive. Given the discretionary and evidence‑driven nature of adoption grants, collect robust records and consider whether a direct grant or sponsorship‑then‑naturalization route best fits your situation.

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Newfoundland and Labrador invitation round — July 28, 2026: 445 candidates invited under NLPNP and AIP

Quick snapshot
On July 28, 2026, Newfoundland and Labrador issued 445 invitations to provincial immigration candidates: 400 through the Newfoundland and Labrador Provincial Nominee Program (NLPNP) and 45 through the Atlantic Immigration Program (AIP). This was the province’s ninth selection round of the year and its largest by invitation count since March 6, 2026.

How candidates enter the pool
Selection for both NLPNP and the AIP begins with submitting an Expression of Interest (EOI) through the province’s Immigration Accelerator Portal. Except for NLPNP entrepreneur streams, candidates generally need a valid job offer from a Newfoundland and Labrador employer to enter the EOI pool. EOIs collect education, work experience, language ability, and intent to settle in the province. Profiles remain active for 12 months; if not invited within that period, a new profile must be submitted (for AIP candidates the employer must handle resubmission).

After an invitation, responsibilities differ: NLPNP invitees submit the provincial nomination application; for AIP, the employer submits the endorsement application. A successful NLPNP application yields a provincial nomination certificate; a successful AIP application yields an endorsement certificate. In both cases, the next step is an application to the federal government for permanent residence.

How the province prioritizes EOIs
The province did not specify streams or occupations for the July 28 round. Its published EOI prioritization criteria indicate candidates may be prioritized for factors such as:
– Employment in health-related occupations
– Employment in sales and service occupations
– In‑province education
– French‑language proficiency
– Work outside major urban centres
– High likelihood of long‑term retention in the province

Draws in 2026 (chronological)
– March 6 — 445 invites (NLPNP 362; AIP 83)
– March 30 — 245 invites (NLPNP 209; AIP 36)
– April 13 — 210 invites (NLPNP 177; AIP 33)
– May 1 — 190 invites (NLPNP 157; AIP 33)
– May 11 — 186 invites (NLPNP 168; AIP 18)
– May 28 — 103 invites (NLPNP 84; AIP 19)
– June 10 — 108 invites (NLPNP 89; AIP 19)
– July 10 — 57 invites (NLPNP 17; AIP 40)
– July 28 — 445 invites (NLPNP 400; AIP 45)

As of July 28, the province has issued 1,989 invitations in 2026. NLPNP invitations account for 83.6% of selections to date.

Why this matters for applicants and employers
– NLPNP remains the main route: NLPNP accounted for the majority of invitations year‑to‑date.
– AIP is active but variable: AIP invitations have fluctuated; the employer submits the endorsement application and should coordinate closely with the candidate.
– Prioritization factors matter: Candidates with local education, healthcare or sales/service employment, French proficiency, or willingness to work outside major urban centres may have improved chances.
– Federal processing times differ: IRCC processing times (as of July 7) are Base PNP — 12 months; Enhanced PNP — 7 months; AIP — 26 months. These timelines affect how long it may take to receive permanent residence after nomination or endorsement.

Practical tips
– Keep your EOI accurate and active; resubmit after 12 months if needed (employers handle AIP resubmission).
– Ensure any job offer is compliant and clearly documented before entering the EOI pool (unless applying to an entrepreneur stream).
– Highlight in‑province education, sector of employment, language ability (including French), and willingness to work outside major urban centres in your EOI.
– Plan for different federal processing times depending on your pathway.

Interpreting the July 28 spike
The return to 445 invitations on July 28 after several smaller rounds suggests the province may concentrate selections into larger draws at times. Selection opportunities can come in uneven bursts, so candidates should maintain up‑to‑date EOIs and be prepared for variable draw sizes.

Key numbers to remember
– July 28, 2026 draw: 445 total invites (NLPNP 400; AIP 45)
– Total invitations in 2026 as of July 28: 1,989
– NLPNP share of selections in 2026 to date: 83.6%
– EOI validity: 12 months
– IRCC processing times (as of July 7): Base PNP — 12 months; Enhanced PNP — 7 months; AIP — 26 months

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Canadian Passport update: Bill C-3, service guarantees, online renewal and security features (2026)

Why this matters now
Canada’s passport and citizenship rules changed between late 2025 and mid-2026. Bill C-3 (effective December 15, 2025) expanded citizenship by descent, opening the door for many people born outside Canada to claim Canadian citizenship — and a Canadian passport. At the same time Service Canada introduced a “30 business days or free” processing guarantee and rolled out online renewal for many holders. These changes affect eligibility, timelines and how easily you can travel.

What Bill C-3 changed
The law expands citizenship by descent to include people born outside Canada to a Canadian parent who was also born outside Canada. If you were born before December 15, 2025, and can trace an unbroken line back to a Canadian ancestor, you may already qualify as a Canadian citizen. Citizenship must be proven before you can apply for a passport.

Proof of citizenship → passport: the current sequence
– First you must apply for a Canadian citizenship certificate (proof of citizenship). That application is still paper-based: completed form, supporting documents tied to your Canadian ancestor, and passport-style photos mailed to the processing office.
– The source notes proof-of-citizenship processing currently runs around 19 months on average, though times vary by case complexity.
– Once the certificate is approved, you can apply for a passport. Service Canada’s standard passport processing is generally 10–20 business days; for applicants applying from the United States the standard turnaround cited is 20 business days.

New service guarantee: “30 business days or free”
For applications processed on or after April 1, 2026, Service Canada guarantees a full refund of the passport or travel document fee if processing takes more than 30 business days. This is a backstop to the usual 10–20 business day standard.

Online renewals and limits
On July 28 the government announced online passport renewal for eligible holders. To qualify you must be 16 or older and have a passport issued within the last 15 years. The online service lets applicants upload a digital photo and receive real-time status updates. Current limits: online renewal is not yet available to Canadians living abroad and is not available to anyone under 16. The government may expand access as the system matures.

Passport ranking and visa-free access
According to the source, the Canadian passport ranked highly on the Henley Passport Index in 2026 (seventh place as of July 2026), ahead of the U.S. passport. The source cites visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 183 countries and territories, including most of the Schengen zone (90 days in any 180-day period) and numerous visa-on-arrival arrangements across Asia, the Middle East and Africa.

Security, design and anti-fraud features
Modern Canadian passports are ePassports with an embedded microchip storing the printed details and a digital image of the holder’s face. Other notable features described in the source:
– Visa pages show seasonal Canadian art (spring, summer, fall, winter) and reveal hidden colours and patterns under ultraviolet light to deter counterfeiting.
– The personal information page includes subtle security motifs: a red maple leaf that fades with frictional heat, magnetized colour-shifting ink in deer and snowflake motifs, and a polycarbonate personal information page with laser-engraved holder details for durability and fraud resistance.
– The passport cover usually displays an icon indicating ePassport compliance.

Who is most affected
– People with Canadian ancestry born abroad who may now qualify for citizenship by descent because of Bill C-3. The source notes many Americans with a Canadian ancestor are discovering potential eligibility.
– Current Canadian passport holders and frequent travellers, who will see practical effects from the service guarantee, online renewal (for most adult holders with recent passports), and the passport’s visa access ranking.

Practical next steps
If you’re exploring eligibility through descent:
– Expect a two-step process: secure a Canadian citizenship certificate first, then apply for a passport.
– Gather original records from the issuing authorities that link you to your Canadian ancestor; these documents are required for the proof-of-citizenship application.

If you already have Canadian citizenship:
– Check whether you meet online renewal criteria (age 16+, passport issued within the last 15 years).
– Plan for current processing times and the service guarantee (refund if processing exceeds 30 business days for applications processed on or after April 1, 2026).

Key dates and figures to remember
– December 15, 2025 — Bill C-3 took effect, expanding citizenship by descent.
– April 1, 2026 — “30 business days or free” refund guarantee applies to passport/travel document applications processed on or after this date.
– July 28 — online passport renewal announced for eligible Canadians (16+, passport issued within the last 15 years).
– Processing timelines cited — standard passport processing: 10–20 business days; Service Canada turnaround from the U.S.: 20 business days; proof-of-citizenship average processing: around 19 months.
– Passport power — Canadian passport ranked 7th on the Henley Passport Index as of July 2026; 183 countries accessible visa-free or visa-on-arrival per the cited index.

Final practical note
Bill C-3, the online renewal rollout, and the 30-business-day service guarantee change both the landscape for people with Canadian ancestry and the experience of Canadian passport holders. If you suspect you may qualify for citizenship by descent, start assembling your lineage documents and preparing the paper-based proof-of-citizenship application. If you already have citizenship and need a passport, check online renewal eligibility and factor processing and service-guarantee timelines into your travel plans.

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Manitoba PNP draw July 30: 766 LAAs issued, with a strong emphasis on in‑province Skilled Worker streams

What happened (draw #276)
On July 30, the Manitoba Provincial Nominee Program (MPNP) issued 766 Letters of Advice to Apply (LAAs) in EOI draw #276. The draw focused on the Skilled Worker in Manitoba pathway and on targeted employment categories: qualifying NOC occupations, manufacturing/utilities roles (Broad Occupational Category 9), and Francophone candidates. This continues Manitoba’s clear preference for candidates already working in the province.

How the invitations were allocated
– Total LAAs: 766
– Skilled Worker in Manitoba: 696 LAAs
– Employment in a qualifying NOC code: 74 LAAs
– Employment in manufacturing/utilities (Broad Occupational Category 9): 605 LAAs — cut‑off score reported as 632
– Francophone selection: 17 LAAs
– Skilled Worker Stream — direct invitations under strategic recruitment initiatives: 70 LAAs
– Of the 766 invited candidates, 94 declared a valid Express Entry profile and job seeker validation code.
– As of July 30, MPNP had held 15 selection rounds and issued 4,822 invitations in total.

Who the Skilled Worker in Manitoba invitations targeted
The Skilled Worker in Manitoba pathway invited Manitoba residents in three groups:

1) Employment in a qualifying NOC code
Candidates working in one of seven specified occupations were invited. The occupations named in the draw include:
– Aerospace Engineers (21390)
– Air pilots, flight engineers and flying instructors (72600)
– Aircraft Assemblers and Aircraft Assembly Inspectors (93200)
– Aircraft Instrument, Electrical and Avionics Mechanics, Technicians and Inspectors (22313)
– Aircraft Mechanics and Aircraft Inspectors (72404)
– Facility operation and maintenance managers (70012)
– General practitioners and family physicians (31102)

2) Employment in manufacturing/utilities (Broad Occupational Category 9)
The largest group (605 LAAs) went to candidates who declared current Manitoba employment in occupations within Broad Occupational Category 9. That category covers five major groups, including middle management, supervisors, central control and process operators, machine operators/assemblers, and labourers in processing, manufacturing and utilities.

3) Francophone selection
Seventeen LAAs were issued to candidates who indicated French as their language of communication with Manitoba and who had valid French language test results.

Strategic recruitment invitations (Skilled Worker Stream)
Seventy LAAs were issued by direct invitation under strategic recruitment initiatives and distributed as follows:
– Francophone Community: 25
– Employer Services: 20
– Ethnocultural Communities: 12
– Temporary Public Policy to Facilitate Work Permits for Prospective Provincial Nominee Program Candidates (TPP): 7
– Regional Communities: 6

Why some apparently eligible profiles were excluded
MPNP noted candidates could be excluded if:
– The language test identification number was missing, invalid, or the test results were no longer valid on the draw date.
– A claimed strategic recruitment invitation did not include a valid invitation number in the EOI profile.

Practical takeaways for applicants and employers
– Check and update your EOI: ensure language test IDs, Express Entry job seeker validation codes, and any strategic recruitment invitation numbers are entered and valid on the draw date.
– Confirm your NOC/Broad Occupational Category declaration matches your current Manitoba employment and the codes used in the selection criteria.
– Francophone applicants should maintain valid French test results and indicate French as their language of communication with Manitoba.
– Employers hiring in manufacturing, utilities, aviation maintenance or specified healthcare roles should advise potential nominee employees to keep their profiles and documents current.

What to watch next
– Whether MPNP continues to prioritize Broad Occupational Category 9 or shifts its occupational targets in future rounds.
– Any updates to documentation rules for language test IDs, Express Entry linkage, or strategic recruitment invitation validation.

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How Bill C‑3 Restored Proof of Canadian Citizenship by Descent — A Practical Guide for Applicants

Why the change matters right now
Bill C‑3 and recent court rulings reopened the route for people born abroad to claim Canadian citizenship through an unbroken parent‑to‑child line. Citizenship by descent requires that each parent in the line was a Canadian on the exact day the next person was born. The recognition is retroactive: where the earlier first‑generation limit had blocked transmission, IRCC and Parliament now treat eligible direct descendants as having held citizenship all along. If you have ancestors born in Canada, you may already have been Canadian your whole life — you just need documentary proof.

How the law works in practice
The Citizenship Act looks to whether a child born abroad was “born to a parent who was a citizen at the time of the birth.” That single timing test determines eligibility. Key points to bear in mind:
– Citizenship moves one way: parent to child. Relatives who are not your direct ancestors — aunts, uncles, cousins or spouses — cannot transmit citizenship to you. A great‑aunt’s clean Quebec birth record can help you find records, but she does not pass citizenship unless she is on your direct line.
– A deceased parent can still serve as the transmitting ancestor. If your parent would have been a citizen on the day you were born, their death later does not invalidate your claim.
– IRCC treats the legal parent at birth as shown on the original birth record (this can include a parent recognized by court order or a surrogacy agreement).
– Adoption does not create citizenship at birth for a child born abroad and later adopted by a Canadian; those cases require a direct grant process rather than proof of descent.
– Timing of naturalization matters. If a parent or grandparent became a Canadian after the birth of the next generation, the chain ends at that point. Conversely, if Bill C‑3 is read to have recognized your parent as a citizen from birth, that recognition can restore your position in the line.

Common stumbling blocks that disqualify claims
– Relatives who are not direct ancestors cannot pass citizenship.
– A parent who naturalized after the child’s birth cannot be the transmitting ancestor. The same applies one generation up.
– Adoption and similar guardianship arrangements do not count for descent purposes; IRCC treats those situations differently.

How to read your family line — step by step
Start with the oldest Canadian‑born ancestor you can identify and move forward, one birth at a time. At each step ask: was the parent a Canadian citizen on the day the child was born? If yes, continue. If no, the chain stops and you must search another line.

Practical steps
– Locate the ancestor born in Canada (province and city when possible).
– Gather primary records: birth, marriage and citizenship or naturalization documents. Non‑transmitting relatives can still hold archives that point to the right file.
– Confirm that each transmitting parent held citizenship on the specific birth date of the next person in line. A parent’s failure to claim in life does not necessarily defeat a descendant’s claim.
– Watch for naturalization dates in the chain. You may need to go back another generation — the CIT 0001 application form indicates where to look next. Consider professional review if naturalization dates appear.

Documentation realities and processing times
Finding the right certificates can take months. IRCC quoted about 19 months to process a proof of citizenship application and was handling a large queue at the time referenced. If your line qualifies, the certificate confirms status you already possess; the application is documentary validation rather than a new grant of citizenship.

Who is likely to qualify — and who should not assume
Likely: direct descendants born abroad where each parent in the chain was a citizen on the child’s birth date. Multiple relatives in the same line (siblings, their children) will often share the same claim.
Not to assume: people relying on non‑ancestor relatives, children adopted by Canadians seeking automatic descent, or descendants where a key ancestor naturalized after the birth of the next generation.

Why Bill C‑3 is about recognition, not a new giveaway
Bill C‑3 did not “give” citizenship to people in one moment. It corrected a rule that had blocked transmission, so IRCC and the courts treated eligible descendants as having had citizenship all along. The citizenship certificate documents that existing status.

Example that illustrates the pattern
In the source example, a grandparent born in Canada left in the 1950s but remained a citizen when their child was born in 1957. That meant the child was a Canadian by descent even though she never claimed it, and her son could base a claim on her status. A great‑aunt’s records did not directly transmit citizenship but helped locate the necessary documents in the archives — showing how non‑transmitting relatives can still be useful.

Final practical checklist before you apply
– Identify the Canadian ancestor and obtain their birth record.
– Work forward, confirming each parent held citizenship on the day the next person was born.
– Collect original birth certificates, parish registers and naturalization/citizenship records.
– Note any naturalization dates in the chain — they can break a claim.
– Prepare for significant processing delays; IRCC reported about 19 months and a large queue when this information was recorded.

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